Vaginal fistula is a medical condition in which an abnormal connection forms between the vagina and another internal organ, such as the bladder, rectum, or urethra. This pathway allows contents from the connected organ to leak into the vagina. Vaginal fistulas are more common in areas without adequate medical care, often resulting from prolonged labor, which can cause tissue damage. In more developed regions, they may occur as a complication of pelvic surgery, radiation therapy, or severe infections.
Symptoms of a vaginal fistula vary depending on the organs involved but often include continuous, involuntary leakage of urine or feces into the vagina. This leakage can lead to discomfort, recurrent infections, foul-smelling discharge, and irritation of the vaginal tissues. Women with a rectovaginal fistula, for instance, might notice fecal matter passing through the vagina. Additionally, there can be pain during sexual intercourse and chronic urinary tract infections.
Treatment for vaginal fistulas typically requires surgical intervention to repair the abnormal connection between organs. Before surgery, the affected areas are often examined through imaging techniques and physical examination to determine the fistula's size and location. The surgical repair may involve minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures or more extensive open surgery, depending on the complexity of the fistula. Postoperative care often includes antibiotics to prevent infection, pain management, and sometimes temporary use of a catheter to ensure proper healing. In some cases, multiple surgeries might be needed to fully resolve the issue. Comprehensive rehabilitation, including pelvic floor physiotherapy, can aid in the recovery process, helping to restore normal function and improve the quality of life.
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