A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die within minutes, leading to potentially severe physical and cognitive impairments. Strokes are primarily classified into two types: ischemic, caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain, and hemorrhagic, caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain. There is also a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
Symptoms of a stroke can vary widely depending on the area of the brain affected, but common signs include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. Trouble speaking, understanding speech, or confusion is also common. Vision problems in one or both eyes, difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, and a severe headache with no known cause can also indicate a stroke. Prompt recognition of these symptoms is critical, as immediate medical treatment can significantly improve outcomes.
Treatment for a stroke depends on the type and severity. For ischemic strokes, treatments often focus on dissolving or removing the clot. This may include medications like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administered intravenously to break up the clot, or mechanical thrombectomy, a procedure to physically remove the clot. In the case of a hemorrhagic stroke, treatment aims to control bleeding and reduce pressure in the brain, often involving surgery or endovascular procedures. Rehabilitation, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, is frequently required to help stroke survivors regain lost functions and adapt to life after a stroke. Immediate medical attention and tailored post-stroke care are crucial for recovery.
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